Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multimeric nanostructures composed of one or more structural
proteins of a virus in the absence of genetic material. Having similar morphology to natural …

The emergence of new pathogenic viral strains is a constant threat to global health, with the
new coronavirus strain COVID-19 as the latest example. COVID-19, caused by the SARS …

The development of vaccines is one of the most significant medical accomplishments which
has helped to eradicate a large number of diseases. It has undergone an evolutionary …

The use of plants for the production of virus‐like nanoparticles (VNPs) dates back to
separating natural empty capsids of plant viruses from whole virions nearly 70 years ago …

Infectious diseases, also known as transmissible or communicable diseases, are caused by
pathogens or parasites that spread in communities by direct contact with infected individuals …

The idea of producing vaccines in plants originated in the late 1980s. Initially, it was
contemplated that this notion could facilitate the concept of edible vaccines, making them …

After its emergence in late 2019 SARS-CoV-2 was declared a pandemic by the World Health
Organization on 11 March 2020 and has claimed more than 2.8 million lives. There has …

Viral infections causing pandemics and chronic diseases are the main culprits implicated in
devastating global clinical and socioeconomic impacts, as clearly manifested during the …

Molecular pharming or the technology of application of plants and plant cell culture to
manufacture high-value recombinant proteins has progressed a long way over the last three …

The causal relationship between HPV and cervical cancer in association with the high
prevalence of high risk HPV genotypes led to the design of HPV vaccines based on the …