Understanding sex-related variation in health and illness requires rigorous and precise
approaches to revealing underlying mechanisms. A first step is to recognize that sex is not in …

The prefrontal cortex, particularly its medial subregions (mPFC), mediates critical functions
such as executive control, behavioral inhibition, and memory formation, with relevance for …

Sex is ubiquitous and variable throughout the animal kingdom. Historically, scientists have
used reductionist methodologies that rely on a priori sex categorizations, in which two …

The history of sex research demonstrates an ongoing coexistence of multiple, conflicting
meanings of sex. This history raises questions for scientists about the deployment of a …

Essentially all neuropsychiatric diagnoses show some degree of sex and/or gender
differences in their etiology, diagnosis, or prognosis. As a result, the roles of sex-related …

Inaccurate sex and gender narratives have saturated the political landscape, resulting in
legal restrictions for people with queer genders. Biology educators can correct these false …

Inclusive teaching is teaching in a way that reaches all students in the classroom; this is
beneficial for everyone, particularly for those with minoritized identities. Instructors play a …

An animal's morphology influences its ability to perform essential tasks, such as locomoting
to obtain prey or escape predators. While morphology–performance relationships are well …

What are the implications of misunderstanding sex as a binary, and why is it essential for
scientists to incorporate a more expansive view of biological sex in our teaching and …

Teleost fishes show an extraordinary diversity of sexual patterns, social structures, and
sociosexual behaviors. Sex steroid hormones are key modulators of social behaviors in …