Three neuromodulation therapies have been appropriately tested and approved in refractory
focal epilepsies: vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation of the anterior …

Invasive cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is approved for the treatment of epilepsies,
depression, obesity, and for stroke-rehabilitation. The procedure requires surgery, has side …

Objective There are three neurostimulation devices available to treat generalized epilepsy:
vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and responsive …

Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide, with a substantial
number of patients facing drug-resistant epilepsy. This comprehensive review explores …

Managing epilepsy in people with an intellectual disability remains a therapeutic challenge
and must take into account additional issues such as diagnostic difficulties and frequent …

The brain has the innate ability to undergo neuronal plasticity, which refers to changes in its
structure and functions in response to continued changes in the environment. Although …

Epilepsy affects approximately 70 million people worldwide, and it is a significant contributor
to the global burden of neurological disorders. Despite the advent of new AEDs, drug …

Epilepsy, one of the most severe neurological diseases, is characterized by abrupt recurrent
seizures. Despite great progress in the development of antiseizure drugs (ASDs) based on …

Locus Coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic nucleus of the central nervous system, and
its neurons widely innervate the whole brain. LC is severely degenerated both in …

Electrical stimulation as a therapeutic approach is widely applicable in terms of target
tissues or target effects. This method can be an alternative to conventional therapies for …