Asthma is a heterogenous disease, and its prevalence and severity are different in males
versus females through various ages. As children, boys have an increased prevalence of …

Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Macrophages play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses of organ
systems, including the lungs, to particles and pathogens. Cumulative results show that …

Sex hormones are key determinants of gender-related differences and regulate growth and
development during puberty. They also exert a broad range modulation of immune cell …

Sex differences in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system have been widely
reported. These intrinsic sex differences have also been shown to modulate the …

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are added to food, cosmetics, plastic packages, and
children's toys and have thus become an integral part of the human environment. In the last …

NAFLD/NASH is a sex‐dimorphic disease, with a general higher prevalence in men. Women
are at reduced risk of NAFLD compared to men in fertile age, whereas after menopause …

The androgen receptor (AR) is the master regulator of prostate cancer (PCa) development,
and inhibition of AR signalling is the most effective PCa treatment. AR is expressed in PCa …

It is well-known that sex hormones can directly and indirectly influence immune cell function.
Different studies support a suppressive role of androgens on different components of the …

Androgens, the predominant male sex hormones, drive the development and maintenance
of male characteristics by binding to androgen receptor (AR). As androgens are systemically …