Increasing interest in oceanography and marine biology and its relevance to global
environmental issues continues to create a demand for authoritative reviews summarizing …

We present a detailed review of 269 published studies using Littorina species in the field of
evolutionary ecology during the last 18 years. We first identify the reasons for the special …

Parallel patterns of adaptive divergence and speciation are cited as powerful evidence for
the role of selection driving these processes. However, it is often not clear whether parallel …

In recent decades biologists studying speciation have come to consider that the process
does not necessarily require the presence of a geographical barrier. Rather, it now seems to …

The evolution of strong reproductive isolation (RI) is fundamental to the origins and
maintenance of biological diversity, especially in situations where geographical distributions …

When divergent populations are connected by gene flow, the establishment of complete
reproductive isolation usually requires the joint action of multiple barrier effects. One …

The intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis has repeatedly evolved two parallel ecotypes assumed
to be wave adapted and predatory shore crab adapted, but the magnitude and targets of …

The mode in which sexual organisms choose mates is a key evolutionary process, as it can
have a profound impact on fitness and speciation. One way to study mate choice in the wild …

Natural color polymorphisms are widespread across animal species and usually have a
simple genetic basis. This makes them an ideal system to study the evolutionary …

The rough periwinkle, Littorina saxatilis, is a model system for studying parallel ecological
speciation in microparapatry. Phenotypically parallel wave‐adapted and crab‐adapted …