Satellite instruments have been providing measurements of global volcanic emissions of
sulfur dioxide (SO 2) since 1978, based on observations in the ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR) …

Most volcanic ash particles with diameters< 63μm settle from eruption clouds as particle
aggregates that cumulatively have larger sizes, lower densities, and higher terminal fall …

Explosive volcanic eruptions can loft ash, gases, and water into the stratosphere, which
affects both human activities and the climate. Using geostationary satellite images of the 15 …

Most volcanism on Earth is submarine, but volcanic gas emissions by submarine eruptions
are rarely observed and hence largely unquantified. On 15 January 2022 a submarine …

Abstract The 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, and the preceding
eruptions on 19 December 2021 and 13 January 2022, were remarkable, partly because the …

Merapi volcano (Indonesia) is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes in the world.
It is known for frequent small to moderate eruptions, pyroclastic flows produced by lava …

The Earth's history is punctuated by large explosive eruptions that eject large quantities of
magma and silicate rock fragments into the atmosphere. These tephra particles can …

In this study, ultraviolet TOMS (Total Ozone Map** Spectrometer) satellite data for SO2
are re‐evaluated for the first 15 days following the 15 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption to reflect …

A quantitative analysis of the properties of several Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand, ash plumes
has been performed using multispectral satellite data from the AVHRR‐2 and ATSR‐2 …

Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) fluxes of active degassing volcanoes are routinely measured with
ground-based equipment to characterize and monitor volcanic activity. SO 2 of unmonitored …