Ion pumps perform active transport of ions by using energy. The active transport mechanism
can be illustrated by the Panama Canal model, which considers two gates and a gain in …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …

The light-driven sodium-pum** rhodopsin KR2 from Krokinobacter eikastus is the only
non-proton cation active transporter with demonstrated potential for optogenetics. However …

Rhodopsins are the most universal biological light-energy transducers and abundant
phototrophic mechanisms that evolved on Earth and have a remarkable diversity and …

The conversion of light energy into ion gradients across biological membranes is one of the
most fundamental reactions in primary biological energy transduction. Recently, the …

Rhodopsins, which are also called retinal proteins, are photoreceptive proteins. Their
photoreactions have attracted many researchers in physics, chemistry and biology. In …

We conducted a comprehensive time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy study of the
structures of the retinal chromophore during the photocycle of the sodium-ion pump …

KR2 is the first light-driven Na+-pum** rhodopsin discovered. It was reported that the
photoexcitation of KR2 generates multiple S1 states, ie,“reactive” and “nonreactive” S1 …

The discovery of the light-driven sodium pump Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) in
2013 has changed the paradigm that cation transport in microbial rhodopsins is restricted to …

The light-driven sodium-pump rhodopsin KR2 exhibits ultrafast photoisomerization
dynamics of its all-trans protonated Schiff-base retinal (PSBR). However, the excited-state …