The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

Simple Summary Estrogens, belonging to a group of steroid compounds, play an important
role in both physiological and disease processes, mainly by interacting with estrogen …

Reconstructing the genomes of bilaterian ancestors is central to our understanding of animal
evolution, where knowledge from ancient and/or slow-evolving bilaterian lineages is critical …

Vertebrates have greatly elaborated the basic chordate body plan and evolved highly
distinctive genomes that have been sculpted by two whole-genome duplications. Here we …

In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a
process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of …

Lampreys are representatives of an ancient vertebrate lineage that diverged from our own∼
500 million years ago. By virtue of this deeply shared ancestry, the sea lamprey (P. marinus) …

Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma
mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global …

The adaptive immune system (AIS) in mammals, which is centred on lymphocytes bearing
antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, arose approximately 500 …

A major yet unresolved quest in decoding the human genome is the identification of the
regulatory sequences that control the spatial and temporal expression of genes. Distant …

Many organisms are currently polyploid, or have a polyploid ancestry and now have
secondarily'diploidized'genomes. This finding is surprising because retained whole-genome …