Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic
and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular …

The novel object recognition (NOR) task has emerged as a popular method for testing the
neurobiology of nonspatial memory in rodents. This task exploits the natural tendency of …

Increasing numbers of studies have suggested that the gut microbiota is involved in the
pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Chronic stress can cause behavioral, cognitive …

Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men
have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the …

Depression and anxiety disorders are more prevalent in females, but the majority of
research in animal models, the first step in finding new treatments, has focused …

The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is
threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral …

In response to stress, the brain activates several neuropeptide-secreting systems. This
eventually leads to the release of adrenal corticosteroid hormones, which subsequently feed …

Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and
females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions …

Running, and aerobic exercise in general, is a physical activity that increasingly many
people engage in but that also has become popular as a topic for scientific research. Here …

Humans exhibit a remarkable degree of resilience in the face of extreme stress, with most
resisting the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Over the past 5 years, there has …