Evapotranspiration (ET)—the distribution and partitioning of which is strongly mediated by
vegetation—is central to the water, energy and carbon cycles. In this Review, we examine …

Climate change has been partially mitigated by an increasing net land carbon sink in the
terrestrial biosphere; understanding the processes that drive this sink is thus essential for …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Terrestrial ecosystems remove about 30 per cent of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by
human activities each year, yet the persistence of this carbon sink depends partly on how …

The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its
flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the …

Vegetation greenness has been increasing globally since at least 1981, when satellite
technology enabled large-scale vegetation monitoring. The greening phenomenon, together …

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is increasing, which increases leaf‐scale
photosynthesis and intrinsic water‐use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential …

Abstract Theory predicts that rising CO2 increases global photosynthesis, a process known
as CO2 fertilization, and that this is responsible for much of the current terrestrial carbon …

The leaf economics spectrum, and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions revealed
fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies …

Abstract The Community Land Model (CLM) is the land component of the Community Earth
System Model (CESM) and is used in several global and regional modeling systems. In this …