The formation and preservation of cratons—the oldest parts of the continents, comprising
over 60 per cent of the continental landmass—remains an enduring problem. Key to craton …

Fractional calculus has been used to model various hydrologic processes for 15 years. Yet,
there are still major gaps between real-world hydrologic dynamics and fractional-order …

Seismic images of Earth's interior have revealed two continent-sized anomalies with low
seismic velocities, known as the large low-velocity provinces (LLVPs), in the lowermost …

Cratons are Earth's ancient continental land masses that remain stable for billions of years.
The mantle roots of cratons are renowned as being long-lived, stable features of Earth's …

NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has revealed the complex geology of Pluto and Charon.
Pluto's encounter hemisphere shows ongoing surface geological activity centered on a vast …

Conditions and dynamics of subduction–collision and subsequent 3-D slab break-off and
slab tear propagation are quantified, for the first time, using fully dynamic numerical models …

We have designed a 2D thermal–mechanical code, incorporating both a characteristics
based marker-in-cell method and conservative finite-difference (FD) schemes. In this paper …

Plates are an integral part of the convection system in the fluid mantle, but plate boundaries
are the product of brittle faulting and plate motions are strongly influenced by the existence …

Layered viscosity, temperature‐dependent viscosity, and surface plates have an important
effect on the scale and morphology of structure in spherical models of mantle convection …

We review the methods available for large deformation simulations of geomaterials before
presenting a Lagrangian integration point finite element method designed specifically to …