Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer. In addition to holding this
distinction, unsuccessful attempts to target this protein have led to the characterization of …

Despite more than three decades of intensive effort, no effective pharmacological inhibitors
of the RAS oncoproteins have reached the clinic, prompting the widely held perception that …

The Ras gene is frequently mutated in cancer, and mutant Ras drives tumorigenesis.
Although Ras is a central oncogene, small molecules that bind to Ras in a well-defined …

The RAS proteins control signalling pathways that are key regulators of several aspects of
normal cell growth and malignant transformation. They are aberrant in most human tumours …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling pathways involved in
the regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of …

Although the roots of Ras sprouted from the rich history of retrovirus research, it was the
discovery of mutationally activated RAS genes in human cancer in 1982 that stimulated an …

RAS has long been viewed as undruggable due to its lack of deep pockets for binding of
small molecule inhibitors. However, recent successes in the development of direct RAS …

The signaling pathways mediated by Rho family GTPases have been implicated in many
aspects of cell biology. The specificity of the pathways is achieved in part by the selective …