Understanding of secular evolution of the Earth system is based largely on the rock and
mineral archive preserved in the continental lithosphere. Based on the frequency and range …

The atmosphere of the Archean eon—one-third of Earth's history—is important for
understanding the evolution of our planet and Earth-like exoplanets. New geological proxies …

Paleoredox conditions are commonly evaluated based on elemental proxies but, despite
their frequency of use, most of these proxies have received little comparative evaluation or …

The long history of life on Earth has unfolded as a cause-and-effect relationship with the
evolving amount of oxygen (O2) in the oceans and atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency …

A geologically rapid Neoproterozoic oxygenation event is commonly linked to the
appearance of marine animal groups in the fossil record. However, there is still debate about …

Nitrogenase is the only known biological enzyme capable of reducing N2 to bioavailable
NH3. Most nitrogenases use Mo as a metallocofactor, while alternative cofactors V and Fe …

Oxygenic phototrophs have played a fundamental role in Earth's history by enabling the rise
of atmospheric oxygen (O2) and paving the way for animal evolution. Understanding the …

The macronutrient phosphorus is thought to limit primary productivity in the oceans on
geological timescales. Although there has been a sustained effort to reconstruct the …

Mountain belts modulate denudation flux and hydrologic processes and are thus
fundamental to nutrient cycling on Earth's surface. We used europium anomalies in detrital …

Molybdenum is an essential trace element for human, animal and plant health and has
played an important part in the evolution of life on earth. Nonetheless, exposure to the …