Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the structural and molecular
biology of type IV secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria. The latest advances have …

Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are a functionally diverse translocation
superfamily. They consist mainly of two large subfamilies:(i) conjugation systems that …

Bacterial conjugation mediates contact-dependent transfer of DNA from donor to recipient
bacteria, thus facilitating the spread of virulence and resistance plasmids. Here we describe …

Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are a versatile group of nanomachines that can
horizontally transfer DNA through conjugation and deliver effector proteins into a wide range …

While the application of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to helical polymers in
biology has a long history, due to the huge number of helical macromolecular assemblies in …

Bacterial conjugation was first described by Lederberg and Tatum in the 1940s following the
discovery of the F plasmid. During conjugation a plasmid is transferred unidirectionally from …

Many protein and nucleoprotein complexes exist as helical polymers. As a result, much effort
has been invested in develo** methods for using electron microscopy to determine the …

Conjugation is a major mechanism of horizontal gene transfer promoting the spread of
antibiotic resistance among human pathogens. It involves establishing a junction between a …

Conjugation is used by bacteria to propagate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the
environment. Central to this process are widespread conjugative F-pili that establish the …

Spindle-or lemon-shaped viruses infect archaea in diverse environments. Due to the highly
pleomorphic nature of these virions, which can be found with cylindrical tails emanating from …