Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely
interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple stressors …

Abstract Antarctic and Southern Ocean (ASO) marine ecosystems have been changing for at
least the last 30 years, including in response to increasing ocean temperatures and changes …

Minimizing the impact of ocean acidification requires an understanding of species
responses and environmental variability of population habitats. Whereas the literature is …

Climate change pressures will influence marine planktonic systems globally, and it is
conceivable that harmful algal blooms may increase in frequency and severity. These …

Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the
ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Over the next century, elevated quantities of atmospheric CO 2 are expected to penetrate
into the oceans, causing a reduction in pH (− 0.3/− 0.4 pH unit in the surface ocean) and in …

The effect of Ocean Acidification (OA) on marine biota is quasi-predictable at best. While
perturbation studies, in the form of incubations under elevated pCO2, reveal sensitivities and …

Major changes consistent with the fingerprint of global warming have been reported for
nearly every ecosystem on earth. Recently, studies have moved beyond correlation-based …

Ocean acidification and warming are considered two of the greatest threats to marine
biodiversity, yet the combined effect of these stressors on marine organisms remains largely …