Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase (IDO) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan in
mammals, catalyzing the initial and rate‐limiting step in the de novo biosynthesis …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2, 3-
dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The …

For cancer cells to survive and proliferate, they must escape normal immune destruction.
One mechanism by which this is accomplished is through immune suppression effected by …

Abstract Human indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (hIDO1) is an attractive cancer
immunotherapeutic target owing to its role in promoting tumoral immune escape. However …

The dissemination of plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater is
becoming an urgent concern. Previous studies mainly focused on the effects of coexisting …

Immunotherapy through immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) is quickly transforming cancer
treatment by improving patients' outcomes. However, innate and acquired resistance to ICBs …

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is emerging as an important new therapeutic target for
the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and other diseases characterized by …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of tryptophan degradation whose final
product is NAD+. The metabolism of tryptophan can be altered in ageing and with …

Allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis, as well the early phase of atopic dermatitis,
are characterized by a Th2-skewed immune environment. Th2-type cytokines are …

In contrast to the diverse superfamily of monooxygenases, there are only two classes of
heme-containing dioxygenases in humans. One is tryptophan 2, 3 dioxygenase (hTDO), and …