Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Over the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH), especially during the
cold season months (November-April), the most prominent and recurrent pattern of …

Marine ecosystems are undergoing rapid change at local and global scales. To understand
these changes, including the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic effects …

Recent Arctic changes are likely due to coupled Arctic amplification mechanisms with
increased linkage between Arctic climate and sub-Arctic weather. Historically, sea ice grew …

In this paper we present a multidecadal and global three‐dimensional stable water isotope
data set. This is accomplished by incorporating processes of the stable water isotopes into …

The pattern of recent surface warming observed in the Arctic exhibits both polar amplification
and a strong relation with trends in the Arctic Oscillation mode of atmospheric circulation …

A diagnostic of Northern Hemisphere winter extratropical stratosphere–troposphere
interactions is presented to facilitate the study of stratosphere–troposphere coupling and to …

There is observational and modeling evidence that low-frequency variability in the North
Atlantic has significant implications for the global climate, particularly for the climate of the …

This study investigates the significance of trends of four temperature time series—Central
England Temperature (CET), Stockholm, Faraday-Vernadsky, and Alert. First the robustness …

Summary The North Atlantic Oscillation, referred to herein as the Northern Hemisphere
annular mode (NAM), owes its existence entirely to atmospheric processes. In this chapter …