Nucleus accumbens dopamine is known to play a role in motivational processes, and
dysfunctions of mesolimbic dopamine may contribute to motivational symptoms of …

Cognitive control is subjectively costly, suggesting that engagement is modulated in
relationship to incentive state. Dopamine appears to play key roles. In particular, dopamine …

Social behaviors are among the most important motivated behaviors. How dopamine (DA),
a" reward" signal, releases during social behaviors has been a topic of interest for decades …

Why does performing certain tasks cause the aversive experience of mental effort and
concomitant deterioration in task performance? One explanation posits a physical resource …

Fatigue can have a major impact on an individual's performance and well-being, yet is
poorly understood, even within the scientific community. There is no developed theory of its …

The exact nature and pathophysiology of fatigue remain largely elusive despite its high
prevalence in physically ill patients. Studies on the relationship between the immune system …

One of the most debilitating aspects of schizophrenia is an apparent interest in or ability to
exert effort for rewards. Such “negative symptoms” may prevent individuals from obtaining …

The past few decades have seen growing interest in the neuropsychiatric syndrome of
apathy, conceptualised as a loss of motivation manifesting as a reduction of goal-directed …

We discuss the idea that addictions can be treated by changing the mechanisms involved in
self-control with or without regard to intention. The core clinical symptoms of addiction …

When someone asks,“How do you feel?”, your answer includes your bodily feelings as well
as your emotional feelings. Influential models of emotion view the embodiment of emotions …