Data analysts use computational notebooks to write code for analyzing and visualizing data.
Notebooks help analysts iteratively write analysis code by letting them interleave code with …

Interactive articles are an effective medium of communication in education, journalism, and
scientific publishing, yet are created using complex general-purpose programming tools. We …

Interfaces for creating visualizations typically embrace one of several common forms.
Textual specification enables fine-grained control, shelf building facilitates rapid exploration …

Projections of computer languages are tools that help users interact with representations
that better fit their needs than plain text. We collected 62 projections from the literature and …

Structured editing can show benefits in learnability, tool building, and editing efficiency in
programming. However, creating a usable structured editor is laborious and demanding …

Many programming problems call for turning geometrical thoughts into code: tables,
hierarchical structures, nests of objects, trees, forests, graphs, and so on. Linear text does …

PL and HCI: better together Page 1 98 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | AUGUST 2021 |
VOL. 64 | NO. 8 review articles IN THE LAST 10 years, the computer science (CS) community …

Text editing is powerful, but some types of expressions are more naturally represented and
manipulated graphically. Examples include expressions that compute colors, music …

This paper presents the design of Forge, a tool for teaching formal methods gradually. Forge
is based on the widely-used Alloy language and analysis tool, but contains numerous …

Augmenting text-based programming with rich structured interactions has been explored in
many ways. Among these, projectional editors offer an enticing combination of structure …