Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of
mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system …

Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that coordinate the immune response throughout
the body. The dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors widely distributed in the organism. In the
central nervous system, they are expressed in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Although …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are part of the innate immune response and were
originally discovered for their role in recognizing pathogens by ligating specific pathogen …

Microglia are the resident brain macrophages and they have been traditionally studied as
orchestrators of the brain inflammatory response during infections and disease. In addition …

The discovery of mammalian TLRs (Toll-like receptors), first identified in 1997 based on their
homology with Drosophila Toll, greatly altered our understanding of how the innate immune …

Microglia are innate immune cells of myeloid origin that take up residence in the central
nervous system (CNS) during embryogenesis. While classically regarded as macrophage …

The key roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as mediators of the detection and responses of
immune cells to invading pathogens are well known. There are at least 13 mammalian TLRs …

Proinflammatory central immune signaling contributes significantly to the initiation and
maintenance of heightened pain states. Recent discoveries have implicated the innate …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern‐recognition receptors expressed on cells of
the innate immune system that allow for the recognition of conserved structural motifs on a …