Adaptation is an essential feature of auditory neurons, which reduces their responses to
unchanging and recurring sounds and allows their response properties to be matched to the …

In ordinary listening environments, acoustic signals reaching the ears directly from real
sound sources are followed after a few milliseconds by early reflections arriving from nearby …

Spatial hearing, and more specifically the ability to localize sounds in space, is one of the
most studied and best understood aspects of hearing. Because there is no coding of …

Acoustic playback is commonly used to study wild birds, with applications as diverse as
investigating behaviours, ascertaining the presence of rare and elusive species, and …

Bird vocalizations resonate as they propagate through a relatively long trachea and radiate
out from the oral cavity. Several studies have described the dynamics with which birds …

The precedence effect (PE) describes several spatial perceptual phenomena that occur
when similar sounds are presented from two different locations and separated by a delay …

6.2 Interaural time differences (ITDs) When the source of sound is to one side, one ear is
further from the source than the other, and thus receives a delayed version of the signal. The …

Attenuation over distance in natural habitat is often difficult to predict when measured
without respect to sound frequency. The physical-acoustic structure of Florida scrub habitat …

The perceived locations of paired auditory images, simulating direct sounds and their
echoes, have been recently studied in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus; ML Dent & RJ …

Acoustic orientation most often takes place in echoic environments. The mammalian
auditory system shows a variety of specializations to suppress misleading spatial …