Anemia of inflammation (AI), also known as anemia of chronic disease (ACD), is regarded
as the most frequent anemia in hospitalized and chronically ill patients. It is prevalent in …

Maintaining physiologic iron concentrations in tissues is critical for metabolism and host
defense. Iron absorption in the duodenum, recycling of iron from senescent erythrocytes …

Iron is an essential dietary element. However, the ability of iron to cycle between oxidized
and reduced forms also renders it capable of contributing to free radical formation, which …

Despite fluctuations in dietary iron intake and intermittent losses through bleeding, the
plasma iron concentrations in humans remain stable at 10–30μM. While most of the iron …

Under evolutionary pressure to counter the toxicity of iron and to maintain adequate iron
supply for hemoglobin synthesis and essential metabolic functions, humans and other …

Splenic red pulp macrophages (RPM) degrade senescent erythrocytes and recycle heme-
associated iron. The transcription factor SPI-C is selectively expressed by RPM and is …

The regulation of iron metabolism in biological systems centers on providing adequate iron
for cellular function while limiting iron toxicity. Because mammals cannot excrete iron …

The distinguishing feature between iron homeostasis in single versus multicellular
organisms is the need for multicellular organisms to transfer iron from sites of absorption to …

Heme is a ubiquitous and essential iron containing metallo-organic cofactor required for
virtually all aerobic life. Heme synthesis is initiated and completed in mitochondria, followed …

The hepatic peptide hormone hepcidin is the principal regulator of iron absorption and its
tissue distribution. Pathologically increased hepcidin concentrations cause or contribute to …