The recent global (re) emergence of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as
chikungunya and Zika virus, was widely reported in the media as though it was a new …

Animal migrations are often spectacular, and migratory species harbor zoonotic pathogens
of importance to humans. Animal migrations are expected to enhance the global spread of …

While some sceptics remain unconvinced that global climate change is a reality, there is no
doubt that during the past 50 years or so, patterns of emerging arbovirus diseases have …

Emerging infectious diseases present a formidable challenge to the conservation of native
species in the twenty-first century. Diseases caused by introduced pathogens have had …

It has been 20 years since West Nile virus first emerged in the Americas, and since then,
little progress has been made to control outbreaks caused by this virus. After its first …

Ecological immunology and disease ecology are two relatively young disciplines that apply
ecological approaches and principles to traditionally non‐ecological fields. In both cases, an …

West Nile virus (WNV) has historically been considered to be among the least virulent of the
Japanese serogroup viruses of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. However, recent …

Propagule dispersal beyond local scales has been considered rare and unpredictable.
However, for many plants, invertebrates, and microbes dispersed by birds, long-distance …

The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated and concise systematic review on
taxonomy, history, arthropod vectors, vertebrate hosts, animal disease, and geographic …

Abiotic and biotic conditions are both important determinants of West Nile Fever (WNF)
epidemiology. Ambient temperature plays an important role in the growth rates of vector …