Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of
deaths and substantial morbidity worldwide. Intense scientific effort to understand the …

It has long been recognized that certain sites within a protein, such as sites in the protein
core or catalytic residues in enzymes, are evolutionarily more conserved than other sites …

Brazil has experienced an unprecedented epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV), with~ 30,000 cases
reported to date. ZIKV was first detected in Brazil in May 2015, and cases of microcephaly …

Continued evolution and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 has led to more transmissible and
immune-evasive variants with profound impacts on the course of the pandemic. Here I …

High-throughput sequencing enables rapid genome sequencing during infectious disease
outbreaks and provides an opportunity to quantify the evolutionary dynamics of pathogens in …

Through antigenic evolution, viruses such as seasonal influenza evade recognition by
neutralizing antibodies. This means that a person with antibodies well tuned to an initial …

Syphilis is a globally re-emerging disease, which has marked European history with a
devastating epidemic at the end of the 15 th century. Together with non-venereal treponemal …

The evolution of protein-coding genes is usually driven by selective processes, which favor
some evolutionary trajectories over others, optimizing the subsequent protein stability and …

Understanding Influenza B virus infections is of critical importance in our efforts to control
severe influenza and influenza-related diseases. Until 2020, two genetic lineages of …

The degree of antigenic drift in swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) has historically been
regarded as minimal compared to that of human influenza A virus strains. However, as …