The endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are important in
sensing foreign nucleic acids encountered by phagocytes. Because TLR8 was initially …

In this paper, we hypothesize that X chromosome‐associated mechanisms, which affect X‐
linked genes and are behind the immunological advantage of females, may also affect X …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) have TIR intracellular
domains that engage two main signaling pathways, via the TIR-containing adaptors MyD88 …

Despite high rates of exposure, only 5–10% of people infected with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis will develop active tuberculosis (TB) disease, suggesting a significant role for …

Across Europe, the genetics of the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age transition is increasingly
characterized in terms of an influx of Steppe-related ancestry. The effect of this major shift on …

HIV Nef acts as an anti-autophagic maturation factor through interaction with beclin-1
(BECN1). We report that exposure of macrophages to infectious or non-infectious purified …

Live attenuated vaccines are generally highly efficacious and often superior to inactivated
vaccines, yet the underlying mechanisms of this remain largely unclear. Here we identify …

LBP [LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-binding protein] was discovered approximately 25 years ago.
Since then, substantial progress has been made towards our understanding of its function in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-studied family of pattern-recognition receptors
(PRRs), whose task is to rapidly recognize evolutionarily conserved structures on the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the largest pattern recognition receptors responsible for
activating the innate and adaptive immune response against viruses through the release of …