Ribosome-dependent protein biosynthesis is an essential cellular process mediated by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Generally, ribosomally synthesized proteins are limited to the 22 …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

The emergence of robust methods to expand the genetic code allows incorporation of non-
canonical amino acids into the polypeptide chain of proteins, thus making it possible to …

We describe the construction and characterization of a genomically recoded organism
(GRO). We replaced all known UAG stop codons in Escherichia coli MG1655 with …

Over the last decade, the ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has
evolved rapidly. The programmed incorporation of UAAs into recombinant proteins relies on …

Genetic code expansion and reprogramming enable the site-specific incorporation of
diverse designer amino acids into proteins produced in cells and animals. Recent advances …

Chemical modification of proteins is an important tool for probing natural systems, creating
therapeutic conjugates and generating novel protein constructs. Site-selective reactions …

Biocatalysis has become an important component of modern organic chemistry, presenting
an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to synthetic transformations. Advances in …

Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern and calls for the
development of novel antibiotic agents. Antimicrobial peptides seem to be promising …