Sleep is crucial for healthy cognition, including memory. The two main phases of sleep, REM
(rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep, are associated with characteristic …

Long-term memory formation is a major function of sleep. Based on evidence from
neurophysiological and behavioral studies mainly in humans and rodents, we consider the …

It is well established that stress has a major impact on memory, driven by the concerted
action of various stress mediators on the brain. Recent years, however, have seen …

Episodic memory relies on the hippocampus, a heterogeneous brain region with distinct
functions. Spatial representations in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) are crucial for …

Memories of fearful events can last a lifetime. The prelimbic (PL) cortex, a subregion of
prefrontal cortex, plays a critical role in fear memory retrieval over time. Most studies have …

The hippocampal local field potential (LFP) shows three major types of rhythms: theta, sharp
wave–ripples and gamma. These rhythms are defined by their frequencies, they have …

Memory consolidation refers to the transformation over time of experience-dependent
internal representations and their neurobiological underpinnings. The process is assumed …

Brain activity during sleep is characterized by circuit-specific oscillations, including slow
waves, spindles and theta waves, which are nested in thalamocortical or hippocampal …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a peculiar neural state that occupies 20–25% of
nighttime sleep in healthy human adults and seems to play critical roles in a variety of …

The brain must dynamically integrate, coordinate, and respond to internal and external
stimuli across multiple time scales. Non-invasive measurements of brain activity with fMRI …