The field of stress physiology has rapidly expanded, particularly in those fields interested in
identifying chronic stress in wild animals. Despite this expansion, stress remains difficult to …

Vertebrates respond to a diversity of stressors by rapidly elevating glucocorticoid (GC)
levels. The changes in physiology and behavior triggered by this response can be crucial for …

Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are important phenotypic mediators across vertebrates, but
their circulating concentrations can vary markedly. Here we investigate macroevolutionary …

Individuals often vary markedly in their ability to cope with stressors, but the drivers of this
variation remain poorly understood. Many studies have tested relationships among …

Co** with anthropogenic environmental change is among the greatest challenges faced
by wildlife, and endocrine flexibility is a potentially crucial co** mechanism. Animals may …

Transportation noise affects urbanized, rural, and otherwise unaltered habitats. Given
expanding transportation networks, alterations in the acoustic landscapes experienced by …

Urban environments are evolutionarily novel and differ from natural environments in many
respects including food and/or water availability, predation, noise, light, air quality …

As cities expand across the globe, understanding factors that underlie variation in urban
tolerance is vital for predicting changes in patterns of biodiversity. Endocrine traits, like …

As humans alter landscapes worldwide, land and wildlife managers need reliable tools to
assess and monitor responses of wildlife populations. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormone levels …

Metabolic rate is a key ecological variable that quantifies the energy expenditure needed to
fuel almost all biological processes in an organism. Metabolic rates are typically measured …