The complications of failure, neural injury and local anaesthetic toxicity are common to all
regional anaesthetic techniques, and individual techniques are associated with specific …

In recent years levobupivacaine, the pure S (−)-enantiomer of bupivacaine, emerged as a
safer alternative for regional anesthesia than its racemic parent. It demonstrated less affinity …

Background Ropivacaine is believed to have a lower incidence of clinical cardiac side
effects than bupivacaine. The aim of this study was to compare the direct cardiac effects of …

IMPLICATIONS: We compared the systemic toxicity induced by constant infusions of
bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized rats. The systemic toxicity of …

Bupivacaine is currently the most widely used long-acting local anaesthetic. Its uses include
surgery and obstetrics; however, it has been associated with potentially fatal cardiotoxicity …

The recognition that long-acting local anaesthetics, particularly bupivacaine the de facto
standard long-acting local anaesthetic, were disproportionately more cardiotoxic than their …

With the development of the newer long-acting amide local anesthetics, ropivacaine and
levobupivacaine, numerous animal studies of LA systemic toxicity have emerged. Because …

The risk of accidental intravascular injection and consequent acute toxicity is ever-present
with most neural blockade techniques. The severity of cardiovascular and central nervous …

Chirality is a fundamental characteristic of nature and pervades the living world. We have
been under its constant influence throughout evolution as a result of the asymmetrical nature …

Background The minimum local analgesic concentration has been defined as the median
effective local analgesic concentration (EC50) in a 20-ml volume for epidural analgesia in …