The programmed cell death (PCD) of develo** cells is considered an essential adaptive
process that evolved to serve diverse roles. We review the putative adaptive functions of …

Adult neurogenesis has been identified in all vertebrate species examined thus far.
However, an evolutionary trend towards a reduction in both the number of proliferation …

Morphology, the description and analysis of organismal form, is one of the oldest biological
disciplines that has significantly contributed to our understanding as to how animals function …

MOTOR circuits are often thought to be physically separate from their neuromodulatory
systems1, 2. We report here a counter example, where neurons within a circuit appear to …

Metamorphosis in many animal groups involves a radical transition from a larval to a
juvenile/adult body plan and the challenge of orchestrating 2 overlap** developmental …

Invertebrates are used extensively as model species to investigate neuro-endocrine
processes regulating behaviors, and many of these processes may be extrapolated to …

Abstract Background The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis) has served as a
successful model for studies in the field of Neuroscience. However, a serious drawback in …

Chitons are the most primitive molluscs and, thus, a matter of considerable interest for
understanding both basic principles of molluscan neurogenesis and phylogeny. The …

The embryonic development of the catecholaminergic system of the pond snail, Lymnaea
stagnalis, was investigated by using chromatographic and histochemical methods. High …

Although our understanding of neuronal development in Trochozoa has progressed
substantially in recent years, relatively little attention has been paid to the bivalve molluscs …