Climate change is asymmetrically altering environmental conditions in space, from local to
global scales, creating novel heterogeneity. Here, we argue that this novel heterogeneity will …

The Arctic climate is changing. Permafrost is warming, hydrological processes are changing
and biological and social systems are also evolving in response to these changing …

Polar amplification–the phenomenon where external radiative forcing produces a larger
change in surface temperature at high latitudes than the global average–is a key aspect of …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

In this article, we review evidence of how climate change has already resulted in clearly
discernable changes in marine Arctic ecosystems. After defining the term 'footprint'and …

The interactions between environmental change and human societies have a long, complex
history spanning many millennia, but these have changed fundamentally in the last century …

Recent reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures and climate forcing over the
past 1000 years allow the warming of the 20th century to be placed within a historical …

Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature fields for Europe
back to 1500 show that the late 20th-and early 21st-century European climate is very likely …

Building on recent studies, we attempt hemispheric temperature reconstructions with proxy
data networks for the past millennium. We focus not just on the reconstructions, but the …

Abstract The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that mean
global warming was 0.6±0.2° C during the 20th century and cited anthropogenic increases …