Proteins adopt different higher-order structures (HOS) to enable their unique biological
functions. Understanding the complexities of protein higher-order structures and dynamics …

Hemocyanin transports oxygen in the hemolymph of many molluscs and arthropods and is
therefore a central physiological factor in these animals. Molluscan hemocyanin molecules …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) structure determination by single particle electron
cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) involves the calculation of an initial 3D model, followed by …

The introduction of direct electron detectors with higher detective quantum efficiency and fast
read-out marks the beginning of a new era in electron cryo-microscopy. Using the FEI …

The invention of the electron microscope has greatly enhanced the view scientists have of
small structural details. Since its implementation, this technology has undergone …

In this personal, historic account of macromolecular transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), published data from the 1940s through to recent times is surveyed, within the context …

Most molluscs have blue blood because their respiratory molecule is hemocyanin, a type-3
copper-binding protein that turns blue upon oxygen binding. Molluscan hemocyanins are …

Mollusk hemocyanins, among the largest known proteins, are used as immunostimulants in
biomedical and clinical applications. The hemocyanin of the Chilean gastropod …

Metal ions, usually bound by various amino-acid side chains in proteins, play multiple roles
in protein folding, conformational change, cellular communication, and catalysis. Ca (II) and …

Molluscan hemocyanin, a copper-containing oxygen transporter, is one of the largest known
proteins. Although molluscan hemocyanins are currently applied as immunotherapeutic …