Abstract l-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in
the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp …

Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral
cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial …

Despite multiple associations between the microbiota and immune diseases, their role in
autoimmunity is poorly understood. We found that translocation of a gut pathobiont …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is
activated by small molecules provided by the diet, microorganisms, metabolism, and …

The epidermis forms a barrier that defends the body from desiccation and entry of harmful
substances, while also sensing and integrating environmental signals. The tightly …

Disruption of the lung endothelial–epithelial cell barrier following respiratory virus infection
causes cell and fluid accumulation in the air spaces and compromises vital gas exchange …

The major innate immune cell types involved in tuberculosis (TB) infection are
macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells. These immune …

Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system both to elicit immediate
defense and to generate long-lasting adaptive immunity. To detect and respond to vastly …

The human gut microbiome modulates many host processes, including metabolism,
inflammation, and immune and cellular responses. It is becoming increasingly apparent that …

The epithelium and immune compartment in the intestine are constantly exposed to a
fluctuating external environment. Defective communication between these compartments at …