Regulatory cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs), and myeloid-
derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), play a crucial role in preserving immune tolerance and …

Hantaan virus (HTNV) causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), which is a
zoonosis endemic in eastern Asia, especially in China. The reservoir host of HTNV is field …

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease, in which a third of individuals with
chronic HCV infections may develop liver cirrhosis. In a chronic HCV infection, host immune …

Ever since T cell exhaustion was initially characterized and thoroughly analyzed in the
murine LCMV model, such a functional impairment has been validated in other chronic viral …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is principally a mucosal disease and the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the major site of HIV replication. Loss of CD4+ T cells and …

The underlying trigger for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has remained elusive, and
multiple interacting environmental and genetic factors likely contribute to the onset and …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–resistant commercial sex workers provide a unique
opportunity to study correlates of protection associated with natural resistance to HIV …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that may affect any
organ and presents a protean spectrum of clinical manifestations. The etiology and …

The inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) is upregulated on antigen-specific CD8+
T cells during persistent viral infections. Interaction with PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) contributes to …

During viral infection, inflammation and recovery are tightly controlled by competing
proinflammatory and regulatory immune pathways. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the …