Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue
injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety …

Purpose Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic pain syndrome
and a chronic inflammatory condition prevalent in women that leads to urgency, sleep …

BACKGROUND Pain remains the cardinal symptom of endometriosis. However, to date, the
underlying mechanisms are still only poorly understood. Increasing evidence points towards …

Cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder, has a direct effect on bladder function. Interstitial
cystitis is a syndrome characterized by urinary bladder pain and irritative symptoms of more …

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Financial support: This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University …

Endometriosis remains an enigmatic disorder in that the cause, the natural history, and the
precise mechanisms by which it causes pain are not completely understood. The pain …

It has been said that a well-defined problem is half solved. Perhaps feline idiopathic cystitis
(FIC) remains the most common cause of feline lower urinary tract (LUT) signs, in part …

Mast cell activation disease comprises disorders characterized by accumulation of
genetically altered mast cells and/or abnormal release of these cells' mediators, affecting …

Mast cells are localized throughout the body and mediate allergic, immune, and
inflammatory reactions. They are heterogeneous, tissue-resident, long-lived, and granulated …

Purpose Intravesical onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT‐A) injection is a beneficial treatment for
interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), yet its therapeutic efficacy remains to be …