1. INTRODUCTION Since Tang and Van Slyke invented the first efficient organic light-
emitting diode (OLED) based on small molecules in 1987, and Friend et al. in 1990, based …

As a much-enriched supplement to the previous review paper entitled the “Effective work
functions for ionic and electronic emissions from mono-and polycrystalline surfaces”[Prog …

Photovoltaic windows with easy installation for the power supply of household appliances
have long been a desire of energy researchers. However, due to the lack of top electrodes …

Organic and printed electronics technologies require conductors with a work function that is
sufficiently low to facilitate the transport of electrons in and out of various optoelectronic …

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and Kelvin probe
measurements on various TiO2 single-crystal surfaces show that the position of the Fermi …

Asymmetric transport characteristic in n-and p-type conductivity has long been a
fundamental difficulty in wide bandgap semiconductors. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) can …

Work function (WF) of a material is not only an intrinsic characteristic of bulk but also a
surface property. The measurement and control of WF have been of great concern in many …

Polymer solar cells have been spotlighted due to their potential for low-cost manufacturing
but their efficiency is still less than required for commercial application as lightweight/flexible …

We report a novel self-heated CO gas sensor based on Au-functionalized networked SnO 2-
ZnO core-shell nanowires. Increasing the applied voltage particularly enhanced the sensing …

Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) is a commonly used transparent conducting oxide in
optoelectronic device applications. The work function of FTO is commonly cited as 4.4 eV …