Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the
world in coming decades. Plants reduce growth and development process during stress …

To understand the integrative networks of signaling molecules, the sites of their biosynthesis
and action must be clarified, particularly for phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA). The …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are endogenously produced by several plant organelles
and compartments, particularly those with high electron transport rates, such as chloroplasts …

Drought is one of the leading factors responsible for the reduction in crop yield worldwide.
Due to climate change, in future, more areas are going to be affected by drought and for …

As sessile organisms, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them to rapidly
perceive and respond to stresses in the environment. Among the evolutionarily conserved …

It is well established that oxidative stress is an important cause of cellular damage. During
stress conditions, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various …

Stomata are pores on the leaf surface, bounded by two guard cells, which control the uptake
of CO 2 for photosynthesis and the concomitant loss of water vapor. In 1898, Francis Darwin …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the “classical” plant hormones, ie discovered at least 50 years
ago, that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. This chapter reviews our …

Abscisic acid (ABA)-driven stomatal regulation reportedly evolved after the divergence of
ferns, during the early evolution of seed plants approximately 360 million years ago. This …