Highlights•Fetal macrosomia is defined as a birth weight> 4000 g.•Gestational diabetes
mellitus is an independent risk factor for fetal macrosomia.•Ultrasound is a practical method …

The perinatal literature includes several potentially confusing and controversial terms and
concepts related to fetal size and growth. This article discusses fetal growth from an obstetric …

Aim To assess the short‐and long‐term maternal and fetal impact of metformin in pregnancy
compared with insulin. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature search of …

Large for gestational age (LGA) birth weight is associated with an increased risk for perinatal
morbidity and long-term metabolic complications. This review summarizes the impact of LGA …

The difficult birth process of humans, often described as the “obstetric dilemma,” is
commonly assumed to reflect antagonistic selective pressures favoring neonatal …

Objective To evaluate the risks of perinatal complications in infants born to mothers with
treated or untreated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods A search of the PubMed …

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of obstetric maneuvers for resolving shoulder dystocia
and the effect that these maneuvers have on neonatal injury when shoulder dystocia occurs …

Despite large numbers of original research studies spanning 4 decades there is still no
consensus on the subject of gestational diabetes. Should all pregnant women be screened …

Objective To describe possible causes of delivery‐related severe asphyxia due to
malpractice. Design and setting A nationwide descriptive study in Sweden. Population All …

While c-section births pose a higher risk of maternal death and medical complications, can
have negative future reproductive consequences for the mother, increase the recovery time …