Virtually all plants and animals, including humans, are home to symbiotic microorganisms.
Symbiotic interactions can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects on the host …

When organisms can choose whom to interact with, it can create a biological market where
individuals need to outbid their rivals for access to cooperative relationships. Each …

What makes humans moral beings? This question can be understood either as a proximate
“how” question or as an ultimate “why” question. The “how” question is about the mental and …

Legumes are ecologically and economically important plants that contribute to nutrient
cycling and agricultural sustainability, features tied to their intimate symbiosis with nitrogen …

The formation of collaborating pairs by individuals belonging to two different classes occurs
in the contexts of reproduction and intea-specific cooperation as well as of inter-specific …

Darwin recognized that natural selection could not favor a trait in one species solely for the
benefit of another species. The modern, selfish-gene view of the world suggests that …

Natural selection favours genes that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
This would appear to lead to a world dominated by selfish behaviour. However, cooperation …

Bacterial feeding has evolved toward specific evolutionary niches and the sources of energy
differ between species and strains. Although bacteria fundamentally compete for nutrients …

Several evolutionary processes influence virulence, the amount of damage a parasite
causes to its host. For example, parasites are favored to exploit their hosts prudently to …

In biological markets, two classes of traders exchange commodities to their mutual benefit.
Characteristics of markets are: competition within trader classes by contest or outbidding; …