Neurons in the brainstem implicated in the initiation of locomotion include glutamatergic,
noradrenergic (NA), dopaminergic (DA), and serotonergic (5-HT) neurons giving rise to …

Over the past 40 years, much has been learned about the role of serotonin in spinal cord
reflex modulation and locomotor pattern generation. This review presents an historical …

Neuromodulation provides considerable flexibility to the output of neural networks. In spite of
the extensive literature documenting the presence of modulatory peptide co-transmitters in …

We report the development of aminergic neurons from 0–10 days postfertilization (dpf) in
zebrafish (Danio rerio). This study was prompted by the lack of information regarding …

The basic motor patterns underlying rhythmic limb movements during locomotion are
generated by neuronal networks located within the spinal cord. These networks are called …

The spinal cord contains networks of neurons that can produce locomotor patterns. To
readily respond to environmental conditions, these networks must be flexible yet at the same …

Locomotion can be induced in rodents by direct application 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) onto
the spinal cord. Previous studies suggest important roles for 5-HT7 and 5-HT2A receptors in …

Stress is one of the most significant influences on behaviour and performance. The classical
account is that stress mainly affects functions of the limbic system, such as learning, memory …

Vertebrate locomotion must be adaptable in light of changing environmental, organismal,
and developmental demands. Much of the underlying flexibility in the output of central …

Recent work on the circuits that generate rhythmic movements illustrates the role of
cotransmitter complement in motor pattern selection and demonstrates that many principles …