During the 1950s and 1960s, an extensive field study and interpretive effort was made by
researchers, primarily at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, to sample and understand …

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) encompasses variability in both the eastern and
western tropical Pacific. During the warm phase of ENSO, the eastern tropical Pacific is …

Stratospheric aerosols from large tropical explosive volcanic eruptions backscatter
shortwave radiation and reduce the global mean surface temperature. Observations suggest …

El Niño events (warm) are often stronger than La Niña events (cold). This asymmetry is an
intrinsic nonlinear characteristic of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon …

This paper describes the mean ocean circulation and the tropical variability simulated by the
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) coupled atmosphere–ocean general …

In this paper, we evaluate several timely, daily air-sea heat flux products (NCEP, NCEP2,
ERA-Interim and OAFlux/ISCCP) against observations and present the newly developed …

Abstract Extreme El Niño events have outsized impacts and strongly contribute to the El
Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm/cold phase asymmetries. There is currently no …

The seasonal cycle can contribute to the irregularity and phase-locking of ENSO, and the
intraseasonal variability can be a source of both ENSO's variability and irregularity. Tropical …

An El Niño of moderate intensity developed in the tropical Pacific in 2002/03. This event,
though not as strong as the 1997/98 El Niño, had significant impacts on patterns of weather …

Abstract The modelled El Niño–mean state–seasonal cycle interactions in 23 coupled ocean–
atmosphere GCMs, including the recent IPCC AR4 models, are assessed and compared to …