Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against
different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and …

Bacterial biofilms, which consist of three-dimensional extracellular polymeric substance
(EPS), not only function as signaling networks, provide nutritional support, and facilitate …

Plant β-glucanases are enzymes involved in the synthesis, remodelling and turnover of cell
wall components during multiple physiological processes. Based on the type of the …

The immunomodulatory role of the natural biopolymer, chitosan, has already been
demonstrated in plants, whilst its nanoparticles have only been examined for biomedical …

β-glucans are a diverse group of polysaccharides composed of β-1, 3 or β-(1, 3-1, 4) linked
glucose monomers. They are mainly synthesized by fungi, plants, seaweed and bacteria …

Plants are very vulnerable to pathogen attacks and environmental stress as they are
exposed to harsh environments in natural conditions. However, they have evolved a self …

Plants of the genus Allium developed a diversity of defense mechanisms against pathogenic
fungi of the genus Fusarium, including transcriptional activation of pathogenesis-related …

The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important
functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the …

Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins are one of the major sources of plant derived allergens.
These proteins are induced by the plants as a defense response system in stress conditions …

Upon host penetration, fungal pathogens secrete a plethora of effectors to promote disease,
including proteases that degrade plant antimicrobial proteins, and protease inhibitors (PIs) …