The primary regulators of metazoan gene expression are enhancers, originally functionally
defined as DNA sequences that can activate transcription at promoters in an orientation …

Many cellular processes require large-scale rearrangements of chromatin structure.
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes are molecular machines …

The four-dimensional nucleome (4DN) consortium studies the architecture of the genome
and the nucleus in space and time. We summarize progress by the consortium and highlight …

In eukaryotes, higher-order chromatin organization is spatiotemporally regulated as
domains, for various cellular functions. However, their physical nature in living cells remains …

Few transcription factors have been examined for their direct roles in physically connecting
enhancers and promoters. Here acute degradation of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) in erythroid cells …

Chromosomes in the eukaryotic nucleus are highly compacted. However, for many
functional processes, including transcription initiation, the pairwise motion of distal …

Eukaryotes carry three types of structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) protein
complexes, condensin, cohesin, and SMC5/6, which are ATP-dependent motor proteins that …

Mammalian chromosomes are organized at different length scales within the cell nucleus.
Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) are structural units of 3D genome organization …

The high-order three-dimensional (3D) organization of regulatory genomic elements
provides a topological basis for gene regulation, but it remains unclear how multiple …

Enhancer-gene communication is dependent on topologically associating domains (TADs)
and boundaries enforced by the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) insulator, but the underlying …