Observed Arctic sea ice losses are a sentinel of anthropogenic climate change. These
reductions are projected to continue with ongoing warming, ultimately leading to an ice-free …

Ocean warming, primarily resulting from the escalating levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, leads to a rise in the temperature of the Earth's oceans. These gases act as …

This paper describes version 3 of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA3) ocean
reanalysis with enhancements to model resolution, observation, and forcing datasets, and …

The greatest impacts of climate change on ecosystems, wildlife and humans often arise from
extreme events rather than changes in climatic means. Northern high latitudes, including the …

Sea ice is an essential component of the Arctic climate system. The Arctic sea ice cover has
undergone substantial changes in the past 40+ years, including decline in areal extent in all …

The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent
seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have …

Sea ice in the Arctic is one of the most rapidly changing components of the global climate
system. Over the past few decades, summer areal extent has declined over 30%, and all …

During austral spring 2016 Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) decreased at a record rate of 75×
103 km2 d− 1, which was 46% faster than the mean rate and 18% faster than in any …

STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2015 Page 1 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society Vol. 97, No. 8, August 2016 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2015 Page 2 …

The Arctic is a region in transformation. Warming in the region has been amplified, as
expected from ice‐albedo feedback effects, with the rate of warming observed to be∼ …