Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When
the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is …

The smooth muscle cell directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence
regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen. We review here the current understanding of …

Abstract The flavonoids, baicalin (5, 6-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one-7-Od-β-
glucuronic acid) 1 and its aglycone, baicalein 2 are found in edible medicinal plants …

Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of the connective tissues found throughout the
body and the principal source of the extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristic of …

Twenty years ago, Rho-kinase was identified as an important downstream effector of the
small GTP-binding protein, RhoA. Thereafter, a series of studies demonstrated the important …

Whilst the phenomenon of an electrical resting membrane potential (RMP) is a central tenet
of biology, it is nearly always discussed as a phenomenon that facilitates the propagation of …

Sleep-induced apnea and disordered breathing refers to intermittent, cyclical cessations or
reductions of airflow, with or without obstructions of the upper airway (OSA). In the presence …

In contrast to the general belief, endothelial cell (EC) metabolism has recently been
identified as a driver rather than a bystander effect of angiogenesis in health and disease …

Hypoxia is a fundamental stimulus that impacts cells, tissues, organs, and physiological
systems. The discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and subsequent identification of …

At present, six groups of chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) are described. Among these,
group 1 (and 1′) comprises a group of diverse diseases termed pulmonary arterial …