The Fontan operation was first performed in 1968. Since then, this operation has been
performed on thousands of patients worldwide. Results vary from very good for many …

In the recent era, no congenital heart defect has undergone a more dramatic change in
diagnostic approach, management, and outcomes than hypoplastic left heart syndrome …

Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia (SHG) is characterized by reduced immunoglobulin
levels due to acquired causes of decreased antibody production or increased antibody loss …

Background—Fetal aortic valvuloplasty can be performed for severe midgestation aortic
stenosis in an attempt to prevent progression to hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). A …

As the cohort of survivors with the single-ventricle type of congenital heart disease grows, it
becomes increasingly evident that the state of chronically elevated venous pressure and …

The Fontan operation is the anticipated palliative strategy for children born with single-
ventricle type of congenital heart disease. As a result of important circulatory limitations, a …

A normal mammalian cardiovascular system consists of a double circuit, pulmonary and
systemic, connected in series and powered by a double pump. In the absence of congenital …

Background: Atrioventricular valve failure (moderate or greater regurgitation, or valve
operation) is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients undergoing Fontan palliation …

Heart failure affects≈ 23 million people worldwide and continues to have a high mortality
despite advancements in modern pharmacotherapy and device therapy. HF is a complex …

Protein losing enteropathy (PLE) has been associated with more than 60 different
conditions, including nearly all gastrointestinal diseases (Crohn's disease, celiac, Whipple's …