The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways
and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal …

Early life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for mental illness, but the neurobiological
mechanisms by which ELA increases the risk for future psychopathology are still poorly …

This paper reviews the research evidence concerning the intergenerational transmission of
trauma effects and the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms in this transmission. Two …

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA axis) is required for stress adaptation.
Activation of the HPA axis causes secretion of glucocorticoids, which act on multiple organ …

Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

The hippocampus provided the gateway into much of what we have learned about stress
and brain structural and functional plasticity, and this initial focus has expanded to other …

In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

A growing body of research has examined the impact of childhood adversity on neural
structure and function. Advances in our understanding of the neurodevelopmental …

Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that
environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological …

Music is a universal feature of human societies, partly owing to its power to evoke strong
emotions and influence moods. During the past decade, the investigation of the neural …