Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoactive retinylidene proteins widespread
throughout the microbial world. They are notable for their diversity of function, using …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Recently, the first known light-driven sodium pumps, from the microbial rhodopsin family,
were discovered. We have solved the structure of one of them, Krokinobacter eikastus …

The light-driven sodium-pum** rhodopsin KR2 from Krokinobacter eikastus is the only
non-proton cation active transporter with demonstrated potential for optogenetics. However …

Soil salinization poses a great threat to the natural ecosystem and interferes with the
structure and function of the biological community, resulting in different vegetation …

Rhodopsins are light-sensing proteins used in optogenetics. The word “rhodopsin”
originates from the Greek words “rhodo” and “opsis,” indicating rose and sight, respectively …

Ion pumps perform active transport of ions by using energy. The active transport mechanism
can be illustrated by the Panama Canal model, which considers two gates and a gain in …

Ion pumps are membrane proteins that actively translocate ions by using energy. All known
pumps bind ions in the resting state, and external energy allows ion transport through …

Rhodopsins, which are also called retinal proteins, are photoreceptive proteins. Their
photoreactions have attracted many researchers in physics, chemistry and biology. In …