Perianth bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) has evolved repeatedly from radial symmetry
(actinomorphy) throughout angiosperms. Zygomorphy has previously been linked with plant …

Friedman WE, RC Moore, and MD Purugganan. 2004. The evolution of plant development.
Am. J. Bot. 91: 1726–1741. Friis EM, PR Crane, and KP Pedersen. 1997. Fossil history of …

Flower forms are both highly diverse and multifaceted. As well as varying in colour, size,
organ number, and much more, flowers show different types of symmetry. Floral symmetry …

Floral morphology is key for understanding floral evolution and plant identification. Floral
diagrams are two-dimensional representations of flowers that replace extensive descriptions …

The construction of classifications, as well as the understanding of biological diversity,
depends upon a careful comparison of attributes of the organisms studied (Stuessy, 1990). It …

Background In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized
life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur …

Merism in flowers is the result of a combination of a whorled phyllotaxis, the proportion of
relative sizes of floral organs and flower meristem, and pressures from external organs …

Floral symmetry plays an important role in plant-pollinator interactions and may have
remarkable impacts on angiosperm diversification. However, spatiotemporal patterns in …

Floral monosymmetry and asymmetry are traced through the angiosperm orders and
families. Both are diverse and widespread in angiosperms. The systematic distribution of the …

Angiosperms exhibit staggering diversity in floral form, and evolution of floral morphology is
often correlated with changes in pollination syndrome. The showy, bilaterally symmetrical …