Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to a super-family of Cysloop
ligand-gated ion channels that respond to endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) or other …

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of noncombustible nicotine–
containing products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Of increasing popularity …

Importance As e-cigarettes have become more effective at delivering the addictive drug
nicotine, they have become the dominant form of tobacco use by US adolescents. Objective …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has illuminated the development of human
brain function. Some of this work in typically-develo** youth has ostensibly captured …

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) receive cholinergic innervation from
brainstem structures that are associated with either movement or reward. Whereas …

Addictive substances are known to increase dopaminergic signaling in the
mesocorticolimbic system. The origin of this dopamine (DA) signaling originates in the …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a brain region processing salient sensory and emotional
information, controlling motivated behaviors, natural or drug-related reward, reward-related …

Nicotine addiction drives tobacco use by one billion people worldwide, causing nearly six
million deaths a year. Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are normally …

Although ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) have
usually been studied separately, they are often co-localized and functionally inter …

Individuality is a striking feature of animal behavior. Individual animals differ in traits and
preferences which shape their interactions and their prospects for survival. However, the …